Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2024March12Pharmaceutical SciencesPromising Role of Machine learning and Artificial Intelligence in Pharmacy English0102Yogesh PounikarEnglishPrincipal, J. K. College of Pharmacy (A part of J. K. Group of Institutions), Near Gatora Railway Station, Bilaspur 495550, Chhattisgarh, India https://doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2024.14301Englishhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=245http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2451. Zhavoronkov A, Vanhaelen Q, Oprea TI. Will artificial intelligence for drug discovery impact clinical pharmacology? Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;107:780-785. 2. van Laar SA, Gombert-Handoko KB, Guchelaar HJ, Zwaveling J. An electronic health record text mining tool to collect real world drug treatment outcomes: a validation study in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2020;108:644-652. 3. Noorbakhsh-Sabet N, Zand R, Zhang Y, Abedi V. Artificial intelligence transforms the future of health care. Am J Med. 2019;132:795-801. 4. Kim H, Kim E, Lee I, Bae B, Park M, Nam H. Artificial intelligence in drug discovery: a comprehensive review of data-driven and machine learning approaches. Biotechnol Bioprocess Eng. 2020;25:895-930. 5. Mak KK, Balijepalli MK, Pichika MR. Success stories of AI in drug discovery—where do things stand? Expert Opin Drug Discov. 2021;17(1):79-92

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2024March12Pharmaceutical SciencesMucoadhesive Microspheres: An Insight Review     English0308Eisha GanjuEnglish Shubham PrajapatiEnglish Bhaskar Kumar GuptaEnglish https://doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2024.14302Mucoadhesive microspheres are an advanced drug delivery system designed to enhance the bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy of drugs by adhering to mucosal surfaces. These microspheres offer prolonged residence time, controlled drug release, and targeted delivery to specific mucosal sites, making them ideal for oral, nasal, ocular, and vaginal applications. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the formulation strategies, characterization techniques, and therapeutic applications of mucoadhesive microspheres. A thorough literature search was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Articles focusing on the development, evaluation, and clinical applications of mucoadhesive microspheres were included. The review covers the selection of polymers, methods of preparation, and characterization techniques for assessing mucoadhesive properties, particle size, drug encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro/in vivo drug release profiles. The review identified various natural and synthetic polymers, including chitosan, alginate, and carbopol, as effective mucoadhesive agents. Preparation techniques such as emulsification, spray drying, and solvent evaporation were discussed, highlighting their impact on the physical and chemical properties of the microspheres. Characterization methods such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mucoadhesion testing were examined. Studies demonstrated that mucoadhesive microspheres significantly enhance drug absorption and bioavailability by adhering to mucosal tissues and providing controlled drug release. Therapeutic applications span across multiple fields, including gastroenterology, pulmonology, and ophthalmology, with promising results in improving patient compliance and treatment outcomes. Mucoadhesive microspheres represent a promising drug delivery system with the potential to revolutionize the administration of pharmaceuticals. Their ability to adhere to mucosal surfaces, provide controlled and sustained drug release, and enhance bioavailability makes them suitable for various therapeutic applications. Future research should focus on optimizing formulation parameters, exploring novel mucoadhesive polymers, and conducting clinical trials to establish their efficacy and safety. The advancements in mucoadhesive microspheres hold significant promise for improving drug delivery and therapeutic outcomes across different medical fields. English Mucoadhesive, Microspheres, Formulation, Characteristics, Mechanism, Applicationshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=246http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=2461. Smart JD. The basics and underlying mechanisms of mucoadhesion. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57(11):1556-68. 2. Lehr CM. Bioadhesion technologies for the delivery of peptide and protein drugs to the gastrointestinal tract. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 1994;11(2-3):119-60. 3. Ahuja A, Khar RK, Ali J. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 1997;23(5):489-515. 4. Reddy LH, Murthy RS. Floating dosage systems in drug delivery. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst. 2002;19(6):553-85. 5. Salamat-Miller N, Chittchang M, Johnston TP. The use of mucoadhesive polymers in buccal drug delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2005;57(11):1666-91. 6. Ponchel G, Irache JM. Specific and non-specific bioadhesive particulate systems for oral delivery to the gastrointestinal tract. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1998;34(2-3):191-219. 7. Carvalho FC, Bruschi ML, Evangelista RC, Gremião MP. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. Braz J Pharm Sci. 2010;46(1):1-17. 8. Harding SE, Davis SS, Deacon MP, Fiebrig I. Biopolymer mucoadhesives. Biotechnol Genet Eng Rev. 1999;16:41-86. 9. Peppas NA, Buri PA. Surface, interfacial and molecular aspects of polymer bioadhesion on soft tissues. J Control Release. 1985;2(4):257-75. 10. Andrews GP, Laverty TP, Jones DS. Mucoadhesive polymeric platforms for controlled drug delivery. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2009;71(3):505-18. 11. Woertz C, Preis M, Breitkreutz J, Kleinebudde P. Assessment of test methods evaluating mucoadhesive polymers and dosage forms: an overview. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2013;85(3):843-53. 12. Nagai T, Machida Y. Buccal delivery systems using hydrogels. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1993;11(1-2):179-91. 13. Boddupalli BM, Mohammed ZN, Nath RA, Banji D. Mucoadhesive drug delivery system: An overview. J Adv Pharm Technol Res. 2010;1(4):381-7. 14. Kharenko EA, Larionova NI, Demina NB. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems (Review). Pharm Chem J. 2009;43:200-8. 15. Shaikh R, Singh TR, Garland MJ, Woolfson AD, Donnelly RF. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems. J Pharm Bioallied Sci. 2011;3(1):89-100. 16. Bernkop-Schnürch A, Dünnhaupt S. Chitosan-based drug delivery systems. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2012;81(3):463-9. 17. Zhang L, Zhu D, Dong X, Sun H, Song C, Wang C, et al. Mucoadhesive buccal films of tramadol for effective pain management. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed. 2012;23(6):817-28. 18. Yadav P, Harikumar SL, Kaur A. Mucoadhesive microspheres as carriers in drug delivery: a review. Int J Drug Dev Res. 2012;4(2):21-34. 19. Andrews GP, Jones DS, Srinivasan B, Gorman SP. Characterization of the rheological, mucoadhesive, and drug release properties of fluconazole-loaded poly (methylvinylether-co-maleic anhydride) hydrogels. Pharm Dev Technol. 2008;13(1):53-62. 20. Roy S, Pal K, Anis A, Pramanik K, Prabhakar B. Polymers in mucoadhesive drug delivery system: a brief note. Des Monomers Polym. 2009;12(6):483-95. 21. Ko JA, Park HJ, Hwang SJ, Park JB, Lee JS. Preparation and characterization of chitosan microparticles intended for controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm. 2002;249(1-2):165-74. 22. Vyas SP, Khar RK. Gastroretentive systems. In: Vyas SP, Khar RK, editors. Controlled Drug Delivery: Concepts and Advances. 1st ed. New Delhi: Vallabh Prakashan; 2002. p. 196-217. 23. Muheem A, Shakeel F, Jahangir MA, Anwar M, Mallick N, Jain GK, et al. A review on the strategies for oral delivery of proteins and peptides and their clinical perspectives. Saudi Pharm J. 2016;24(4):413-28. 24. Meshram PR, Gajare PS, Bhadane MA. Formulation and evalaution of sustained released azithromycin microsphere by emulsion solvent evaporation technique. Int J Curr Res Rev. 2012;4(18):138-147. 25. Smart JD. Drug delivery using buccal-adhesive systems. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 1993;11(1-2):253-70. 26. Bravo-Osuna I, Andrés-Guerrero V, Melgosa M, Herrero-Vanrell R. Study of different chitosan derivatives as potential carriers for the delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2012;80(2):305-15. 27. Khairnar A, Jain P, Baviskar D, Jain D. Development of mucoadhesive buccal patch containing aceclofenac: in vitro evaluations. Int J Pharm Tech Res. 2009;1(4):978-81. 28. Lehr CM, Bouwstra JA, Schacht EH, Junginger HE. In vitro evaluation of mucoadhesive properties of chitosan and some other natural polymers. Int J Pharm. 1992;78(1-3):43-8. 29. Peh KK, Wong CF. Polymeric films as vehicle for buccal delivery: swelling, mechanical, and bioadhesive properties. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 1999;2(2):53-61. 30. Mucoadhesive microspheres for controlled delivery of drugs: A review. J Pharm Sci Innov. 2012;1(2):13-7. 31. Singh B, Sharma R, Garg V. Review on mucoadhesive microspheres as a promising novel drug delivery system. Int J Pharm Bio Sci. 2013;4(1):208-26. 32. Das MK, Senapati PC. Furosemide-loaded alginate microspheres prepared by ionic cross-linking technique: Morphology and release characteristics. Indian J Pharm Sci. 2008;70(1):77-84. 33. Jadhav KR, Shaikh IM, Ambade KW, Kadam VJ. Applications of microsphere based drug delivery system: a review. Der Pharmacia Lettre. 2009;1(2):212-28. 34. Nayak BS, Nayak UK, Patro KB, Panda DS. Mucoadhesive microspheres for controlled drug delivery. Int J Pharm Sci Nanotechnol. 2008; 1(1):21-6.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2024March12Pharmaceutical SciencesThe Study of Cell Signaling Processes in the Process of Body Metabolism     English0923Samira Abedi SarasiaEnglishSamira Abedi Sarasia, Expert in Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Payam Noor Mashhad University, Mashhad, Iran. https://doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2024.14303Aim: This research was done with the aim of studying cell signaling processes in the process of body metabolism in 2024. Methodology: The research method of the present study is descriptive-survey in nature, and applied in terms of research purpose and cross-sectional in terms of time. The research design used in this research is the pre-test-post-test design. The statistical population of this research consists of 3 men and 3 women who are engaged in cycling professionally. In this research, to reach a representative sample, a non-random sampling method was used. In this research, two library and field methods were used to collect data. Sports exercises have been used in the field section. Results: The findings of this research show that the metabolic process regulates many cells signaling processes that are related to human health and performance. Now that the specific regulatory checkpoints for CHO metabolism are well documented, the precision of the molecular mechanisms regulating CHO transport, storage, and utilization that have not yet been fully identified can be increased. In the process of metabolism, consumed nutrients are analyzed and converted into smaller molecules. Conclusion: These molecules ultimately contribute to cellular structures such as proteins and nucleic acids. Also, this stored energy is released and transferred to all body activities, including movements and chemical compounds, in signaling processes. English Process, Signaling, Cell, Metabolism, Bodyhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=247http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=247