Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2022May20HealthcareDiagnosis of Important Virus Diseases of Ornamental Anthurium in Screen-Houses in Tehran Province English0106Tabassom GhotbiEnglish Shahraeen NoohEnglishNooh Shahraeen, Plant Virus Research Department, Iranian Research Institute for Plant Protection-IRIPP, Tehran, Iran. http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2022.12501Introduction: One of the limiting factors for Anthurium production is its infection with various viruses. During the year 2014- 2015, a total of 504 symptomatic ornamental Anthurium leaf samples with virus-like symptoms including leaf and flower blister, dwarfing, mosaic, yellowing, leaf marginal chlorosis, and deformity were collected from Varamin and Pakdasht (Tehran province) Screen-houses. Aim: Samples were tested for infection to Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) and Dasheen mosaic viruses (DaMV). Method: Biological, serological (ELISA) and molecular methods (RT-PCR) were performed for the detection and analysis of the important viral agents infecting Anthurium ornamental plants. Results: According to ELISA test results the prevalence of CMV were (31.54%) followed by TSWV (25%) and DaMV (7.93%) viruses respectively. Results of mechanical inoculation and host range reaction of CMV, TSWV and DaMV isolates were also recorded (fig 2). Coat protein gene sequence of Iranian CMV isolate showed the highest similarity (97%) with a CMV isolate Cucurbit pepo (Acc. No.GU327368.1) from South Korea. DMV on ornamental Anthurium is reported for the first time in this research from Iran. Conclusion: Despite the detection of CMV, TSWV and DaMV in this study, viral pathogens are one of the most economically damaging agents in the ornamental Anthurium plant. Development of research methods for, the detection and study of different isolates of these agents from different hosts, and study of the characteristics of each of these isolates has always been a scientific need. EnglishCMV, TSWV, DaMV, Serology, Molecular test, Ornamental Anthuriumhttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=195http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1951. Anonymous. Iran Agriculture’s Statistical Book. Statistical Center, Ministry of J Agriculture. Tehran-Iran. 2014; volume 2. 2. Zavareh N, Ghotbi T, Maleki M. Detection and diagnosis of cucumber mosaic virus from Anthurium main commercial cultivars in Tehran province. Iranian congress of virology. 2012; 18-20 October. Tarbiyat Modares University. Tehran-Iran. 3. AmrutaBS, Laxmidevi V, Ramegowda GK, Seetharamu GK, Usharani RT, Krishnareddy MK. First report of Groundnut bud necrosis virus infecting anthurium (Anthurium andreanum) in India. New Disease Reporter.2020; 41:14. 4. Ghotbi T, Nazerian E. Report on the incidence of Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) on ornamental Anthurium in Iran. 19th plant protection congress, Tehran–Iran. 2010; 31 July-3 August 2010. p.722. 5. Raharjo IB, Diningsih E, Sulvo Y. Sensitivity of polyclonal antiserum for rapid detection of CMV by ELISA method not directly on Anthurium plants. Research on the garden of Hias, J1. Raya Ciherang-pacet, Cianjur.2008; 43:253. 6. Unchida JY, Ogata D, Nagata N. Tomato spotted wilt virus on Anthurium. Cooperative Extension Service, CTAHR.Plant Dise. 1999; PD-17. 7. Aboel-Nin M, Zelttere FW, Hieber TEPurification serological and physical properties of Dasheen mosaic virus. Phytopathology. 1977;(67): 1445-1450. 8. Ghotbi T, Shahraeen N. Incidence and distribution of viruses infectingpropagated ornamentals in Northern Iran. International Res. J of Microbiology (IRJM). 2012; 3(1):373-381. 9. Brunt AA, Crabtree K, Dallwiz MJ, Gibbs AJ, Watson I, Zurcher EJ. Plant viruses online: Descriptions and lists from the VIDE Database. 1996; Version: 19th, Jan 1997. 10. Ghotbi T, Shahraeen N, Winter S. Occurrence of Tospoviruses in ornamental and weed species in Markazi and Tehran provinces in Iran. Plant Dis. 2005; 89(4): 425-429. 11. Shahraeen N, Ghotbi T. Natural occurrence of different Tospovirus species infecting ornamentals and other agricultural crops in Iran. International Congress of Plant Pathology, ICCP. 2003; 2-7 February. p156. 12. Bayat H, Nazarian E.Introduction of new hosts for the genus Orthotospovirus from Iran. First plant pathology congress of Iran, Karaj. 2019; August 21-23 2019. p. 191. 13. Gollifer DE, Jackson GVH, Dabek AJ, Plumb RT, May YY. The occurrence and transmission of viruses – PANS (Center for Overseas Pest Research). 1977; 23: 171-177. 14. Babu B Hegde, V Makeshkumar T, Jeeva M L. Detection and Identification of Dasheen mosaic virus infecting Colocasiaesculenta in India. Indian J of Virology. 2011; 22(1): 59-62. 15. Khan S. Genetic variability of Dasheen mosaic virus and consequences for detection. Auckland University of Technology. 5 Int J Med Phar Sci | Vol 12 • Issue 05 • May 2022 Ghotbi et al: Diagnosis of Important Virus Diseases of Ornamental Anthurium in Screen- Houses in Tehran Province Master of Science Thesis. 2012; 140pp. 16. Torrance L, Jones RAC. Recent developments in serological methods suited for use in routine testing viruses. Plant Pathology. 1981; 30: 1-24. 17. Clark MF, Adams AN. Characteristics of the microplate method of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of plant viruses. J Virol. 1977; (34): 475-485. 18. Zheng L, Rodoni BC, Gibbs MJ, Gibbs AJA. Novel pair of universal primers for the detection of Potyviruses. Plant pathology.2010; 59: 211-220. 19. Zitikaaite I, Samuitiene M. Detection and characterization of Cucumber mosaic virus isolated from Sweet peppers. Scientific Works of the Lithuanian Institute of Horticulture and Lithuanian University of Agriculture. Sodininkyste IR darzininkyste. 2009; 28 (3).123-130. 20. Tammara K, Stecher G, Filipski A, Kumar S. MEGA6: Molecular evolutionary genetic analysis version 6.0. Molecular Biology Evolution. 2013; 30:2725-2729. 21. Nei M, Kumar S. Molecular evolution and phylogenetics. Oxford University Press. New York. 2000; pp 219. 22. Chen YK. Occurrence of Cucumber mosaic virus in ornamental plants and perspectives of transgenic control. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands.2003; pp: 144. 23. Gilnaz N, Jafarpour B, Rastegar MF,Sabokkhiz MA. Detection of Cucumber mosaic virus and typing using serological and molecular methods in Khorasan Razavi province. Pakistan J of Biol. Sciences. 2009; 12(8):657-659. 24. Edwardson JR, Christie RG.Viruses infecting Peppers and other Solanaceous Crops. The University of Florida. Florida Agriculture Experiment Station, Gainesville. 1986; 14: 30. 25. Kehnide TK, Momi AT. Interactions of viruses in cowpea: Effects on growth and yield parameters. Virol. J.2007; (4): 15. 26. Kidanamarian D.B., Macharia, M.W., Harvey, J., Holton, T., Sukai, A., James, AP et al. First report of Dashin mosaic virus infecting Taro (Colocasia esculenta) from Ethiopia. Plant Dis. 2018; 102 (7): 1470. 27. Sutic DD, Ford RE, Tosic MT. Handbook of plant virus diseases. CRC Press LLC. N.W. 1999; 173-203. 28. Hsu H. Engineering resistance and disease management in ornamental crops. International symposium ecological and environmental biosafety of transgenic plants.2006; December 7- 8. TARI, Taichung, Taiwan, p 39-60.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2022May20HealthcareAcute and 28-Day Repeated Dose Subacute Toxicological Evaluation of Coroprotect Dry Syrup in Rodents English0716Pandya S.English Savaliya C.English Thummar K.English Dr. Undale V.EnglishDr. Vaishali Undale, HOD – Department of Pharmacology, Dr. D. Y Patil Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, Pimpri, Pune-411018, Maharashtra, Indiahttp://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2022.12502Introduction: Ayurvedic medications are extensively used across the world for illness prevention and treatment. The active ingredients of Coroprotect dry syrup are Jethimadh ext, Ajma ext., Tulsi ext., Pipper ext., Sunth ext., Kalamari ext., Vasa ext., Taj ext., Lavang ext., Nagarvel ext., Haridra ext., Kakamachi ext., Pushkarmool ext., and Phudina ful, etc. Because there is no scientific proof that this formulation is safe, a comprehensive toxicity study in wistar rats was conducted. Objective: In Rodents, acute and subacute toxicity of coroprotect dry syrup was studied after a single and repeated 28-day oral dosage Administration. Method: Six Wistar female rats were given a single dose of coroprotect dry syrup at 2000 mg/kg by oral gavage, while doses of 100, 200 and 500 mg/kg/day were given over the course of 28 days in a repeated-dose subacute toxicity study. Results: In an acute toxicity investigation involving coroprotect dry syrup administration, no therapies fatalities or toxic symptoms were found. In the repeated dosage study, there were no substantial differences in body weight fluctuations, food/water ingestion, hematology, or clinical biochemistry content among the control as well as coroprotect dry syrup groups. There were no gross pathological abnormalities or variations in relative organ weights between the control and coroprotect dry syrup groups. Histopathological investigation revealed no abnormalities after therapy with coroprotect dry syrup. Conclusion: In a repeated dosage toxicity study in rodents, the coroprotect dry syrup was determined to be safe at all dose levels. EnglishCoroprotect dry syrup, Acute toxicity, Repeated dose 28-day oral toxicity study, Subacute toxicity, Wistar rat, Ayurvedic supplement.http://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=196http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1961. Shankar D, Patwardhan B. AYUSH for New India: Vision and strategy. J-AIM. 2017 Jul;8(3):137. 2. OECD (2002), Test No. 423: Acute Oral toxicity - Acute Toxic Class Method, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section4, OECD Publishing Paris, https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264071001-en. 3. OECD (2008), Test No. 407: Repeated Dose 28-day Oral Toxicity Study in Rodents, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Section4, OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi. org/10.1787/9789264070684-en. 4. Tiffany TO, Jansen JM, Burtis CA, Overton JB, Scott CD. Enzymatic kinetic rate and end-point analyses of substrate, by use of a GeMSAEC fast analyzer. Clinical Chemistry. 1972 Aug 1;18(8):829-40. 5. Slot C. Plasma creatinine determination a new and specific Jaffe reaction method.Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1965 Jan 1;17(4):381-7. 6. Bradley DW, Maynard JE, Emery G, Webster H. Transaminase activities in serum of long-term hemodialysis patients. Clinical chemistry. 1972 Nov 1;18(11):1442-. 7. Wilkinson JH, Boutwell JH, Winsten S. Evaluation of a new system for the kinetic measurement of serum alkaline phosphatase. Clinical Chemistry. 1969 Jun 1;15(6):487-95. 8. Tietz NW, editor. Text Book of Clinical Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA: W.B. Saunders; 1986. pp. 579–82 9. Pearlman FC, Lee RT. Detection and measurement of total bilirubin in serum, with use of surfactants as solubilizing agents. Clinical chemistry. 1974 Apr 1;20(4):447-53. 10. Kabasakalian P, Kalliney S, Westcott A. Determination of uric acid in serum, with use of uricase and a tribromophenol— amino antipyrine chromogen. Clinical Chemistry. 1973 May 1;19(5):522-4. 11. Kroes R, Walker R. Safety issues of botanicals and botanical preparations in functional foods. Toxicology. 2004 May 20;198(1-3):213-20. 12. Mukinda JT, Syce JA. Acute and chronic toxicity of the aqueous extract of Artemisia afra in rodents. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007 May 30;112(1):138-44. 13. Sushruta K, Satyanarayana S, Srinivas S, Sekhar JR. Evaluation of the blood-glucose reducing effects of aqueous extracts of the selected umbelliferous fruits used in culinary practices. Trop. J. Pharm. Res. 2006;5(2):613-7.

Radiance Research AcademyInternational Journal of Current Research and Review2231-21960975-5241EnglishN2022May20HealthcareDeep Insights into the Developmental Progress of Orally Disintegrating Tablet Formulation, Techniques, and Products: A Comprehensive Review English1722Shweta BhakareEnglish Ajay G. PiseEnglishDr. Ajay G. Pise, Professor, Department of Quality Assurance, Dadasaheb Balpande College of Pharmacy, Nagpur440037, Maharashtra, India http://dx.doi.org/10.31782/IJMPS.2022.12503When it comes to the design of dosage forms, the ease of medication administration and patient compliance are given significant consideration. Recently developed and emerging technologies may be used to make durable, multifunctional tablets that have exceptional flavor masking properties and controlled release. It is possible to consume orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) without drinking water since they break down in the mouth in less than 60 seconds and dissolve completely in the mouth. Rapid disintegration of the tablet results in rapid dissolving and, as a result, rapid beginning of action. ODts are a suitable dosage form for special populations such as pediatrics, geriatrics, psychotic patients, patients who are unable to swallow properly, bedridden patients, unconscious patients, young patients with a poorly developed muscular and nervous system, patients who have hand tremors, and patients who travel frequently. Good stability, correct dosage, simplicity of manufacture, and reduced packing size are all advantages; self-administration is allowed throughout the trip since water is not necessary. It is also environmentally friendly. ODTs are a cost-effective technique of delivering medications. When medicine is absorbed via the buccal cavity, oral drug delivery systems (ODTs) are very significant. For the production of ODTs, a variety of scientific procedures have been used, including spray drying, sublimation, freeze-drying, molding, and direct compression. Today, ODTs are more readily accessible as over-the-counter medications for the treatment of a broad range of disorders than they were before. The purpose of this article is to discuss the benefits, limits, formulation issues, manufacturing procedures, patented technologies, and commercially available formulations of ODTs in general. EnglishOral Disintegrating Tablet, Techniques, Technology, Patent, Formulation, Challengeshttp://ijcrr.com/abstract.php?article_id=197http://ijcrr.com/article_html.php?did=1971. Yapar EA. Orally disintegrating tablets: an overview. J Appl Pharm Sci. 1930;4(2):118-25. 2. Bharawaj S, Jain V, Sharma S, Jat RC, Jain S. Orally Disintegrating Tablets: A Review. Drug Invent Today. 2010;2(1):63-72. 3. Abay FB, Ugurlu T. Orally disintegrating tablets: a short review. J Pharm Drug Devel. 2015;3(3):303-16. 4. Chinwala M. Recent formulation advances and therapeutic usefulness of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs). Pharmacy. 2020;8(4):186-93. 5. Irfan M, Rabel S, Bukhtar Q, Qadir MI, Jabeen F, Khan A. Orally disintegrating films: A modern expansion in drug delivery system. Saudi Pharm J. 2016;24(5):537-46. 6. Al-Khattawi A, Mohammed AR. Challenges and emerging solutions in the development of compressed orally disintegrating tablets. Exp Opin Drug Discov. 2014;9(10):1109-20. 7. Gopinath R, Naidu RA, Soujanya V. Oral disintegrating tablets-A current review. Int J Pharm Bio Arc. 2013;4(6):1134-54. 8. Manivannan R. Oral disintegrating tablets: A future compaction. Drug Invent Today. 2009;1(1):61-5. 9. Popa G, Gafi?anu E. Oral disintegrating tablets. A new, modern, solid dosage form. Rev Med Chir Soc Med Nat Iasi. 2003;107(2):337-42. 10. Goel H, Rai P, Rana V, Tiwary AK. Orally disintegrating systems: innovations in formulation and technology. Rec Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2008;2(3):258-74. 11. Comoglu T, Dilek Ozyilmaz E. Orally disintegrating tablets and orally disintegrating mini-tablets–novel dosage forms for pediatric use. Pharm Devel Technol. 2019;24(7):902-14. 12. Fu Y, Yang S, Jeong SH, Kimura S, Park K. Orally fast disintegrating tablets: developments, technologies, taste-masking and clinical studies. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carr Syst. 2004;21(6):57-69. 13. Almukainzi M, Araujo GL, Löbenberg R. Orally disintegrating dosage forms. J Pharm Investig. 2019;49(2):229-43. 14. Hirani JJ, Rathod DA, Vadalia KR. Orally disintegrating tablets: a review. Trop J Pharm Res. 2009;8(2):71-6. 15. Khan T, Nazim S, Shaikh S, Shaikh A, Khairnar A, Ahmed A. An approach for rapid disintegrating tablet: a review. Int J Pharm Res Devel. 2011;3(3):170-83. 16. Pandey P, Dahiya M. Oral disintegrating tablets: a review. Int J Pharm Res Rev. 2016;5(1):50-62. 17. Sharma S, Singh K. Oral Disintegrating tablets–an updated patent perspective. Rec Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2020;14(3):166- 90. 18. Nayak AK, Manna K. Current developments in orally disintegrating tablet technology. J Pharm Edu Res. 2011;2(1):21- 9. 19. More S, Ghadge T. Fast disintegrating tablets: An overview. Asian J Res Pharm Sci. 2013;3(2):47-55. 20. AlHusban F, El-Shaer A, Jones R, Mohammed A. Recent patents and trends in orally disintegrating tablets. Rec Pat Drug Deliv Formul. 2010;4(3):178-97. 21. Dharwal SJ, Shukla SS, Pandey R, Verma A, Thakur VD, Shrivastava S, Nag M, Patel S. Orally disintegrating tablets: A complete review on methodology. Asian J Res Pharm Sci. 2013;3(4):161-9. 22. Gujarati N. Oral Disintegrating Tablets: Background and Review on Recent Advancements. Adv Pharm J. 2017;2(2):1-24. 23. Prasad H, Verma NK. A review on patent-related technologies of orally disintegrating tablets. World J Pharm Res. 2014;3(4):466- 78.